Browsing MIT Open Access Articles by Title
Now showing items 13474-13493 of 55750
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The Economies and Dimensionality of Prototyping: Value, Time, Cost and Fidelity
(ASME, 2018-08)Economic use of early stage prototyping is of paramount importance to companies engaged in the development of innovative products, services and systems because it directly impacts their bottom-line [1, 2]. There is likewise ... -
The Economist as Plumber
(American Economic Association, 2017-05)As economists increasingly help governments design new policies and regulations, they take on an added responsibility to engage with the details of policy making and, in doing so, to adopt the mindset of a plumber. Plumbers ... -
Economists tackle the challenges of a pandemic
(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2020-10)The COVID-19 pandemic radically and rapidly changed the world, including the world of business economists. Eight NABE members employed in a wide variety of fields discuss how their lives and work were transformed. -
An Economist’s Guide to Epidemiology Models of Infectious Disease
(American Economic Association, 2020)© 2020 American Economic Association. All rights reserved. Around mid-March 2020, as the United States and much of the rest of the world was facing an unprecedented health threat in the form of COVID-19, an abrupt shift ... -
Economy and embedded exhaustification
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2018-01)Building on previous works which argued that scalar implicatures can be computed in embedded positions, this paper proposes a constraint on exhaustification (an economy condition) which restricts the conditions under which ... -
Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen: a comparison of flux-gradient methods
(Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union, 2014-09)Our understanding of biosphere–atmosphere exchange has been considerably enhanced by eddy covariance measurements. However, there remain many trace gases, such as molecular hydrogen (H[subscript 2]), that lack suitable ... -
Ecosystem Interactions Underlie the Spread of Avian Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential
(Public Library of Science, 2016-05)Despite evidence for avian influenza A virus (AIV) transmission between wild and domestic ecosystems, the roles of bird migration and poultry trade in the spread of viruses remain enigmatic. In this study, we integrate ... -
Ecosystem Scale Acoustic Sensing Reveals Humpback Whale Behavior Synchronous with Herring Spawning Processes and Re-Evaluation Finds No Effect of Sonar on Humpback Song Occurrence in the Gulf of Maine in Fall 2006
(Public Library of Science, 2014-10)We show that humpback-whale vocalization behavior is synchronous with peak annual Atlantic herring spawning processes in the Gulf of Maine. With a passive, wide-aperture, densely-sampled, coherent hydrophone array towed ... -
Ecosystem-specific selection pressures revealed through comparative population genomics
(National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), 2010-10)Bacterial populations harbor vast genetic diversity that is continually shaped by abiotic and biotic selective pressures, as well as by neutral processes. Individuals coexisting in the same geographically defined population ... -
Ed tech’s failure during the pandemic, and what comes after
(SAGE Publications, 2021)<jats:p> For decades, technology advocates have claimed that we are on the cusp of a complete transformation in education. But, as Justin Reich explains, such transformations have not yet come to pass. Even during the ... -
An Eddifying Parsons Model
(American Meteorological Society, 2009-06)The time-mean effects of eddies are studied in a model based on the Parsons–Veronis–Huang–Flierl models of the wind-driven gyre. Much of the analysis used for the steady solutions carries over if the model is cast in terms ... -
Eddy Compensation Dampens Southern Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Response to Westerly Wind Trends
(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2019-04)Anthropogenic influences have led to a strengthening and poleward shift of westerly winds over the Southern Ocean, especially during austral summer. We use observations, an idealized eddy-resolving ocean sea ice channel ... -
Eddy covariance flux measurements of pollutant gases in urban Mexico City
(European Geosciences Union / Copernicus, 2009-10)Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of the atmosphere/surface exchange of gases over an urban area are a direct way to improve and evaluate emissions inventories, and, in turn, to better understand urban atmospheric ... -
Eddy covariance fluxes and vertical concentration gradient measurements of NO and NO[subscript 2] over a ponderosa pine ecosystem: observational evidence for within-canopy chemical removal of NO[subscript x]
(Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union, 2014-06)Exchange of NO[subscript x] (NO+NO[subscript 2]) between the atmosphere and biosphere is important for air quality, climate change, and ecosystem nutrient dynamics. There are few direct ecosystem-scale measurements of the ... -
Eddy stirring in the Southern Ocean
(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2011-09)There is an ongoing debate concerning the distribution of eddy stirring across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the nature of its controlling processes. The problem is addressed here by estimating the isentropic ... -
Eddy Transport and Mixing in a Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Jet on the Sphere
(American Meteorological Society, 2009-05)The baroclinically unstable wind- and buoyancy-driven flow in a zonally reentrant pie-shaped sector on a sphere is numerically modeled and then analyzed using the transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) formalism. Mean fields are ... -
Eddy-Driven Recirculations from a Localized Transient Forcing
(American Meteorological Society, 2012-03)The generation of time-mean recirculation gyres from the nonlinear rectification of an oscillatory, spatially localized vorticity forcing is examined analytically and numerically. Insights into the rectification mechanism ... -
Eddy-Mean Flow interactions in the Along-Stream Development of a Western Boundary Current Jet: An Idealized Model Study
(© 2011 American Meteorological Society, 2010-12)A theoretical study on the role of eddy-mean flow interactions in the time-mean dynamics of a zonally evolving, unstable, strongly inertial jet in a configuration and parameter regime that is relevant to oceanic western ... -
Eddy-Mixed Layer Interactions in the Ocean
(The Oceanography Society, 2004-09)The oceanic surface mixed layer is where communication takes place between the oceanic reservoir of heat, freshwater, and carbon dioxide, and the overlying atmosphere in which we live. The exchange of properties and their ... -
An Eddy-Permitting Southern Ocean State Estimate
(American Meteorological Society, 2010-05)An eddy-permitting general circulation model of the Southern Ocean is fit by constrained least squares to a large observational dataset during 2005–06. Data used include Argo float profiles, CTD synoptic sections, Southern ...
