Intracellular proteolysis is carried out by self-compartmentalized, energy dependent proteases which contain a regulatory and a proteolytic component. The regulatory component, which contains ATPases, has crucial activities ...

Mammalian sex chromosomes began diverging from an ordinary pair of autosomes roughly 300 million years ago. Inversions in the evolving Y chromosome sequentially suppressed recombination with the X chromosome. While ...

DNA damage constantly challenges the integrity of genetic material during the lifetime of every cell. Accurate duplication of DNA and its proper transmission to a new cell are critical to avoid mutations or loss of genetic ...

Temperature perception is an intricate process, essential for survival of many organisms. Temperatures far outside of the preferred range are usually harmful and are perceived as noxious (or painful), thus encouraging the ...

Energy intake of individuals affects growth of organisms and, therefore, populations. Persistent lipophilic toxicants acquired with the energy can bioaccumulate and harm individuals. Marine mammals are particularly vulnerable ...

E2F transcription factors were originally identified as regulators of cell cycle and cellular proliferation. In vivo mouse models have uncovered novel roles for these proteins in different developmental processes. This ...