The integrated network of biochemical reactions known collectively as metabolism is essential for life, and dysfunction in parts of this network causes human disease - both rare, inherited disorders and common diseases ...

Ambulation is a very important part of everyday life and its absence has a detrimental effect on an individual's quality of life. While much is understood about the neurobiological systems involved in locomotion through ...

In multicellular organisms, cells do not exist in isolation but communicate with other cells via extracellular signaling molecules, many of which diffuse into the microenvironment. More than most cell types, embryonic stem ...

Recent advances in systems biology and bioinformatics have highlighted that no cell population is truly uniform and that stochastic behavior is an inherent property of many biological systems. As a result, bulk measurements ...

The primary function of the heart is to pump blood at a sufficient rate to ensure perfusion of all the organs. This vital task is achieved in large part by controlling the rate of cardiac contractions, which are initiated ...

The olivocochlear (OC) efferent innervation of the mammalian inner ear consists of two subdivisions, medial (MOC) and lateral (LOC), with peripheral terminations on outer hair cells and cochlear afferent terminals, ...

Most people have two ears, but we can hear with only one ear. The ability to use two ears can substantially improve performance in many circumstances. There are times, however, when the addition of a second ear results in ...

As human spaceflight extends in both duration and scope, it is critical to better understand the physiologic effects of this novel environment. In the weight bearing structures of the body, bone loss and muscle atrophy far ...