Impaired cholecystokinin-induced gallbladder emptying incriminated in spontaneous “black” pigment gallstone formation in germfree Swiss Webster mice
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Author(s)
Woods, Stephanie E.
Leonard, Monika R.
Hayden, Joshua A.
Brophy, Megan Brunjes
Bernert, Kara R.
Lavoie, Brigitte
Muthupalani, Sureshkumar
Whary, Mark T.
Mawe, Gary M.
Nolan, Elizabeth M.
Date Issued
December 2014
Journal
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Citation
Woods, Stephanie E., Monika R. Leonard, Joshua A. Hayden, Megan Brunjes Brophy, Kara R. Bernert, Brigitte Lavoie, Sureshkumar Muthupalani, et al. “Impaired Cholecystokinin-Induced Gallbladder Emptying Incriminated in Spontaneous ‘black’ Pigment Gallstone Formation in Germfree Swiss Webster Mice.” Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 308, no. 4 (December 4, 2014): G335–G349.
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Author's final manuscript
Abstract
“Black” pigment gallstones form in sterile gallbladder bile in the presence of excess bilirubin conjugates (“hyperbilirubinbilia”) from ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, or induced enterohepatic cycling (EHC) of unconjugated bilirubin. Impaired gallbladder motility is a less well-studied risk factor. We evaluated the spontaneous occurrence of gallstones in adult germfree (GF) and conventionally housed specific pathogen-free (SPF) Swiss Webster (SW) mice. GF SW mice were more likely to have gallstones than SPF SW mice, with 75% and 23% prevalence, respectively. In GF SW mice, gallstones were observed predominately in heavier, older females. Gallbladders of GF SW mice were markedly enlarged, contained sterile black gallstones composed of calcium bilirubinate and <1% cholesterol, and had low-grade inflammation, edema, and epithelial hyperplasia. Hemograms were normal, but serum cholesterol was elevated in GF compared with SPF SW mice, and serum glucose levels were positively related to increasing age. Aged GF and SPF SW mice had deficits in gallbladder smooth muscle activity. In response to cholecystokinin (CCK), gallbladders of fasted GF SW mice showed impaired emptying (females: 29%; males: 1% emptying), whereas SPF SW females and males emptied 89% and 53% of volume, respectively. Bilirubin secretion rates of GF SW mice were not greater than SPF SW mice, repudiating an induced EHC. Gallstones likely developed in GF SW mice because of gallbladder hypomotility, enabled by features of GF physiology, including decreased intestinal CCK concentration and delayed intestinal transit, as well as an apparent genetic predisposition of the SW stock. GF SW mice may provide a valuable model to study gallbladder stasis as a cause of black pigment gallstones.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Division of Comparative Medicine
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2014
