Fluorescent penetration enhancers for transdermal applications
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Blankschtein_Fluorescent penetration.pdf
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2.14 MB
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Author(s)
Seto, Jennifer E.
Polat, Baris E.
VanVeller, Brett
Langer, Robert
Blankschtein, Daniel
Lopez, Renata F. V.
Date Issued
October 2011
Journal
Journal of Controlled Release
Publisher
Elsevier
Citation
Seto, Jennifer E., Baris E. Polat, Brett VanVeller, Renata F.V. Lopez, Robert Langer, and Daniel Blankschtein. “Fluorescent Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Applications.” Journal of Controlled Release 158, no. 1 (February 2012): 85–92.
Version
Author's final manuscript
Abstract
Chemical penetration enhancers are often used to enhance transdermal drug delivery. However, the fundamental mechanisms that govern the interactions between penetration enhancers and skin are not fully understood. Therefore, the goal of this work was to identify naturally fluorescent penetration enhancers (FPEs) in order to utilize well-established fluorescence techniques to directly study the behavior of FPEs within skin. In this study, 12 fluorescent molecules with amphiphilic characteristics were evaluated as skin penetration enhancers. Eight of the molecules exhibited significant activity as skin penetration enhancers, determined using skin current enhancement ratios. In addition, to illustrate the novel, direct, and non-invasive visualization of the behavior of FPEs within skin, three case studies involving the use of two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM) are presented, including visualizing glycerol-mitigated and ultrasound-enhanced FPE skin penetration. Previous TPM studies have indirectly visualized the effect of penetration enhancers on the skin by using a fluorescent dye to probe the transdermal pathways of the enhancer. These effects can now be directly visualized and investigated using FPEs. Finally, future studies are proposed for generating FPE design principles. The combination of FPEs with fluorescence techniques represents a useful novel approach for obtaining physical insights on the behavior of penetration enhancers within the skin.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry
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Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.018
