Critical Heat Flux Enhancement via Surface Modification Using Colloidal Dispersions of Nanoparticles (Nanofluids)
Name
ANP-121.pdf
Description
ANP-121.pdf
Size
11.89 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
a6004762a18ca00a72004c02d97dfc35
Author(s)
Truong, Bao H.
Hu, Lin-Wen
Buongiorno, Jacopo
Date Issued
June 2008
Publisher
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. Advanced Nuclear Power Program
Series/Report no.
MIT-ANP;TR-121
Abstract
Nanofluids are engineered colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles (1-100nm) in common fluids
(water, refrigerants, or ethanol…). Materials used for nanoparticles include chemically stable
metals (e.g., gold, silver, copper), metal oxides (e.g., alumina, zirconia, silica, titania) and carbon
in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes). The attractive properties of
nanofluids include higher thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients (HTC) and boiling
critical heat flux (CHF) than that of the respective base fluid. Nanofluids have been found to
exhibit a very significant enhancement up to 200% of the boiling CHF at low nanoparticle
concentrations.
In this study, nanofluids were investigated as an agent to modify a heater surface to enhance
Critical Heat Flux (CHF). First, the CHF of diamond, Zinc Oxide and Alumina water-based
nanofluids at low volume concentration (<1 vol%) were measured to determine if nanofluid
enhances CHF as seen in literature. Subsequently, the heaters are coated with nanoparticles via
nucleate boiling of nanofluids. The CHF of water was measured using these nanoparticle
precoated heaters to determine the magnitude of the CHF enhancement. Characterization of the
heaters after CHF experiments using SEM, confocal, and contact angle were conducted to
explain possible mechanisms for the observed enhancement. The coating thickness of the
nanoparticle deposition on a wire heater as a function of boiling time was also investigated.
Finally, theoretical analyses of the maximum CHF and HTC enhancement in term of wettability
were performed and compared with the experimental data.
The CHF of nanofluids was as much as 85% higher than that of water, while the nanoparticle
pre-coated surfaces yielded up to 35% CHF enhancement compared to bare heaters. Surface
characterization of the heaters after CHF experiments showed a change in morphology due to the
nanoparticles deposition. The coating thickness of nanoparticle was found to deposit rather
quickly on the wire surface. Within five minutes of boiling, the coating thickness of more than 1
μm was achieved. Existing CHF correlations overestimated the experimental data.
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