Modular flow of excited states
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13130_2021_Article_16749.pdf
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Author(s)
Lashkari, Nima
Liu, Hong
Rajagopal, Srivatsan
Date Issued
September 24, 2021
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Citation
Journal of High Energy Physics. 2021 Sep 24;2021(9):166
Version
Final published version
Abstract
Abstract
We develop new techniques for studying the modular and the relative modular flows of general excited states. We show that the class of states obtained by acting on the vacuum (or any cyclic and separating state) with invertible operators from the algebra of a region is dense in the Hilbert space. This enables us to express the modular and the relative modular operators, as well as the relative entropies of generic excited states in terms of the vacuum modular operator and the operator that creates the state. In particular, the modular and the relative modular flows of any state can be expanded in terms of the modular flow of operators in vacuum. We illustrate the formalism with simple examples including states close to the vacuum, and coherent and squeezed states in generalized free field theory.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Theoretical Physics
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2021)166
