Restoration of breathing after opioid overdose and spinal cord injury using temporal interference stimulation
Name
s42003-020-01604-x.pdf
Description
Published version
Size
4.82 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
7523874b4f891db9d067834b749937ee
Author(s)
Sunshine, Michael D
Cassarà, Antonino M
Neufeld, Esra
Grossman, Nir
Mareci, Thomas H
Otto, Kevin J
Boyden, Edward S
Fuller, David D
Date Issued
2021
Journal
Communications Biology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Version
Final published version
Abstract
© 2021, The Author(s). Respiratory insufficiency is a leading cause of death due to drug overdose or neuromuscular disease. We hypothesized that a stimulation paradigm using temporal interference (TI) could restore breathing in such conditions. Following opioid overdose in rats, two high frequency (5000 Hz and 5001 Hz), low amplitude waveforms delivered via intramuscular wires in the neck immediately activated the diaphragm and restored ventilation in phase with waveform offset (1 Hz or 60 breaths/min). Following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), TI stimulation via dorsally placed epidural electrodes uni- or bilaterally activated the diaphragm depending on current and electrode position. In silico modeling indicated that an interferential signal in the ventral spinal cord predicted the evoked response (left versus right diaphragm) and current-ratio-based steering. We conclude that TI stimulation can activate spinal motor neurons after SCI and prevent fatal apnea during drug overdose by restoring ventilation with minimally invasive electrodes.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
Program in Media Arts and Sciences (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering
McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Terms of Use
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
Persistent DSpace Link
DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01604-x
