Safeguards and Security for High-Burnup TRISO Pebble Bed Spent Fuel and Reactors
Name
Safeguards and Security for High-Burnup TRISO Pebble Bed Spent Fuel and Reactors.pdf
Description
Published version
Size
2.65 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
e971631edec09773075459a1dfc66f81
Author(s)
Forsberg, Charles
Kadak, Andrew
Date Issued
August 2, 2024
Journal
Nuclear Technology
Publisher
Taylor & Francis
Citation
Forsberg, C., & Kadak, A. (2024). Safeguards and Security for High-Burnup TRISO Pebble Bed Spent Fuel and Reactors. Nuclear Technology, 210(8), 1354–1365.
Version
Final published version
Abstract
Several high-temperature thermal neutron–spectrum pebble bed reactors are being commercialized. China has started up two helium-cooled pebble bed high-temperature reactors. In the United States, the X-Energy helium-cooled and the Kairos Power salt-cooled pebble bed high-temperature reactors will produce spent nuclear fuel (SNF) with burnups exceeding 150 000 MWd per tonne. The reactor fuel in each case consists of small spherical graphite pebbles (4 to 6 cm in diameter) containing thousands of small TRISO (microspheric tri-structural isotropic) fuel particles embedded in the fuel of zone these pebbles. The unique isotopic, chemical, and physical characteristics of this high-burnup SNF create a technical case to eliminate safeguards based on the low risk for use in nuclear weapons, while maintaining safeguards in terms of risk for use in radiological weapons. These safeguards could be reduced to the simple counting and monitoring of pebbles in storage. Alternatively, there is the option to create a special category with reduced requirements for this SNF in storage, transport, and disposal. No safeguards would be required for a repository with only this type of SNF. Reactor safeguards are required for fresh fuel, partly burnt fuel, and to identify unconventional pebbles with depleted uranium or other materials that might be used to create weapons-useable materials.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering
MIT Energy Initiative
Terms of Use
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
Persistent DSpace Link
DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2023.2298157
