The Connection between Carnot and CAPE Formulations of TC Potential Intensity
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clim-JCLI-D-21-0360.1.pdf
Description
Published version
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661.52 KB
Format
Adobe PDF
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Author(s)
Rousseau-Rizzi, Raphaël
Merlis, Timothy M
Jeevanjee, Nadir
Date Issued
January 8, 2022
Journal
Journal of Climate
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Citation
Rousseau-Rizzi, R., T. M. Merlis, and N. Jeevanjee, 2022: The Connection between Carnot and CAPE Formulations of TC Potential Intensity. J. Climate, 35, 941–954.
Version
Final published version
Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC) potential intensity (PI) theory has a well-known form, consistent with a Carnot cycle interpretation of TC energetics, which relates PI to mean environmental conditions: the difference between surface and TC outflow temperatures and the air–sea enthalpy disequilibrium. PI has also been defined as a difference in convective available potential energy (CAPE) between two parcels, and quantitative assessments of future changes make use of a numerical algorithm based on this definition. Here, an analysis shows the conditions under which these Carnot and CAPE-based PI definitions are equivalent. There are multiple conditions, not previously enumerated, which in particular reveal a role for irreversible entropy production from surface evaporation. This mathematical analysis is verified by numerical calculations of PI’s sensitivity to large changes in surface-air relative humidity. To gain physical insight into the connection between the CAPE and Carnot formulations of PI, we use a recently developed analytic theory for CAPE to derive, starting from the CAPE-based definition, a new approximate formula for PI that nearly recovers the previous Carnot PI formula. The derivation shows that the difference in undilute buoyancies of saturated and environmental parcels that determines CAPE PI can in fact be expressed as a difference in the parcels’ surface moist static energy, providing a physical link between the Carnot and CAPE formulations of PI. This combination of analysis and physical interpretation builds confidence in previous numerical CAPE-based PI calculations that use climate model projections of the future tropical environment.
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0360.1
