Improved retention of phosphorus donors in germanium using a non-amorphizing fluorine co-implantation technique
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PublishedarticleJAP.pdf
Description
Published version
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1.17 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
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Author(s)
Monmeyran, Corentin
Crowe, Iain F
Gwilliam, Russell M
Heidelberger, Christopher
Napolitani, Enrico
Pastor, David
Gandhi, Hemi H
Mazur, Eric
Michel, Jürgen
Agarwal, Anuradha M
Date Issued
2018
Journal
Journal of Applied Physics
Publisher
AIP Publishing
Version
Final published version
Abstract
© 2017 Author(s). Co-doping with fluorine is a potentially promising method for defect passivation to increase the donor electrical activation in highly doped n-type germanium. However, regular high dose donor-fluorine co-implants, followed by conventional thermal treatment of the germanium, typically result in a dramatic loss of the fluorine, as a result of the extremely large diffusivity at elevated temperatures, partly mediated by the solid phase epitaxial regrowth. To circumvent this problem, we propose and experimentally demonstrate two non-amorphizing co-implantation methods; one involving consecutive, low dose fluorine implants, intertwined with rapid thermal annealing and the second, involving heating of the target wafer during implantation. Our study confirms that the fluorine solubility in germanium is defect-mediated and we reveal the extent to which both of these strategies can be effective in retaining large fractions of both the implanted fluorine and, critically, phosphorus donors.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Microphotonics Center
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4999210
