Climatology Analysis of the Daytime Topside Ionospheric Diffusive O+ Flux Based on Incoherent Scatter Radar Observations at Millstone Hill
Name
JGR Space Physics - 2021 - Cai - Climatology Analysis of the Daytime Topside Ionospheric Diffusive O Flux Based on.pdf
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Published version
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4.32 MB
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Checksum (MD5)
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Author(s)
Cai, Yihui
Wang, Wenbin
Zhang, Shun‐Rong
Yue, Xinan
Ren, Zhipeng
Liu, Huixin
Date Issued
September 24, 2021
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
Citation
Cai, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, S.-R., Yue, X., Ren, Z., & Liu, H. (2021). Climatology analysis of the daytime topside ionospheric diffusive O+ flux based on incoherent scatter radar observations at Millstone Hill. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2021JA029222.
Version
Final published version
Abstract
This paper reports the characteristics of the topside ionospheric O+ diffusive flux (urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0001) during both geomagnetically quiet (0 ≤ Kp ≤ 2) and moderate (2 < Kp ≤ 4) times using incoherent scatter radar observations at Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 288.5°E) for solar minimum from 1970 to 2018. urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0002 partially characterizes plasma mass exchange between the upper and lower part of the topside ionosphere through diffusion and sometimes serves as upper boundary conditions for ionosphere-thermosphere models. The altitude where the flux sign changes (mainly during daytime) is termed the transition height and the time when the flux sign changes (mainly at dawn and dusk) is termed the transition time. At quiet times, the daytime transition height is ∼100 km above the urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0003 peak height (hmF2) in summer, and it is about 50 km above hmF2 in other seasons; the transition time is before 18 solar local time (SLT) in spring and winter, but after 18 SLT in summer and autumn. The daytime average upward urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0004 above the transition height shows a significant seasonal variation with a minimum of urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0005 in summer and a maximum of urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0006 in autumn. Under geomagnetically moderate conditions, the transition height increases by ∼20 km in spring, winter, and autumn, but moves up by about 20–50 km in summer. The transition time occurs later by ∼1 hr in summer but ∼1 hr earlier in other seasons. The mean upward urn:x-wiley:21699380:media:jgra56757:jgra56757-math-0007 peaks in summer and minimizes in spring.
MIT Department
Haystack Observatory
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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ja029222
