A strategic research alliance: Turner syndrome and sex differences
Author(s)
Roman, Adrianna K. San; Page, David C.
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Sex chromosome constitution varies in the human population, both between the sexes (46,XX females and 46,XY males), and within the sexes (e.g., 45,X and 46,XX females, and 47,XXY and 46,XY males). Coincident with this genetic variation are numerous phenotypic differences between males and females, and individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which sex chromosome constitution impacts phenotypes at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels remain largely unexplored. Thus, emerges a fundamental question connecting the study of sex differences and sex chromosome aneuploidy syndromes: How does sex chromosome constitution influence phenotype? Here, we focus on Turner syndrome (TS), associated with the 45,X karyotype, and its synergies with the study of sex differences. We review findings from evolutionary studies of the sex chromosomes, which identified genes that are most likely to contribute to phenotypes as a result of variation in sex chromosome constitution. We then explore strategies for investigating the direct effects of the sex chromosomes, and the evidence for specific sex chromosome genes impacting phenotypes. In sum, we argue that integrating the study of TS with sex differences offers a mutually beneficial alliance to identify contributions of the sex chromosomes to human development, health, and disease.
Date issued
2019-03Department
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of BiologyJournal
American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics
Publisher
Wiley
Citation
Roman, Adrianna K. San and David C. Page. “A strategic research alliance: Turner syndrome and sex differences.” American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 181 (2019): 59-67 © 2019 The Author(s)
Version: Author's final manuscript
ISSN
0148-7299