Optical Control over Nuclear Spins

Abstract

The blossom of quantum information science and technology in the past decades is facilitated by the development of various qubit platforms. A qubit system that simultaneously has long coherence time, fast operation, and large scalability is highly desirable. Particularly, nuclear spins have been considered as ideal quantum information carriers thanks to their exceptionally long coherence time exceeding minutes and even hours at room temperature. However, the application of nuclear spins is hindered by their small energy scales and weak interactions with external fields.

Light-matter interaction has attracted intense interest in recent years. The development in both classical and quantum optics provide unprecedented opportunities in the applications of optical approaches. In condensed matter physics/materials science, optical approaches provide great flexibility in characterizing material properties, driving excitations, and even triggering phase transitions in materials. Meanwhile, light-matter interactions are widely used in quantum science. For example, the spontaneous parametric down-conversion can be applied to create entangled photon pairs. If nuclear spins can be manipulated with optical approaches, then it would facilitate a number of potential applications.

However, an efficient interface between nuclear spins and optical approaches is still lacking and is in particular hindered by the formidable gap between nuclear spin frequencies (10³ ∼ 10⁶ Hz) and optical frequencies (∼ 10¹⁵ Hz). Previous works on optical control over nuclear spins rely on ancillary electron spins. In this thesis, we propose an opto-nuclear quadrupolar (ONQ) effect, whereby two-color optical photons can coherently couple with nuclear spins without the need for ancillary electron spins. Hence, several limitations due to the presence of the electron spins, such as shortened nuclear spin coherence time, can be eased. Besides, the frequencies of the optical lasers can be arbitrary in practice, so they can be fine-tuned to minimize the material heating effect and to match telecom wavelengths for long-distance communications.

Following the introduction to the mechanism, we suggest several applications of the ONQ effect. We will focus on the applications in quantum technologies, including using nuclear spins as the quantum memory to store the quantum information carried by optical photons, as the quantum transducer between microwave/radio frequency and optical photons. We will also discuss how laser cooling of nuclear spin excitations can be realized via the ONQ effect.