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Bear, Mark F. Reilly-Andújar, Francis Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences 2025-11-05T19:34:08Z 2025-11-05T19:34:08Z 2025-05 2025-07-08T20:12:39.227Z https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/163552 0000-0002-1605-3460 The cerebral cortex exhibits a remarkable capacity for experience-dependent plasticity, a feature that is predominantly confined to critical periods (CPs) during early postnatal development. In the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) has served as a premier model for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation and stabilization of cortical circuits. During the CP, short-term monocular deprivation (MD) induces both functional and anatomical changes in binocular V1, characterized by a weakening of deprived-eye responsiveness via mechanisms of synaptic long-term depression. As the critical period closes, increased inhibitory drive and the emergence of perineuronal nets (PNNs) stabilize neural circuits and restrict further experience-dependent plasticity. In Chapter 1, I review the key literature on ODP and provide a survey of interventions that have been shown to enhance ODP in adulthood. In Chapter 2, I present our findings that repeated anesthetic ketamine treatment can reinstate ‘juvenile-like’ plasticity in the adult mouse V1. Importantly, I demonstrate that this effect relies on the microglia-mediated depletion of PNNs, and that interfering with microglial purinergic P2Y12 receptor activation blocks the ketamine-induced enhancement of ODP. Building on these insights, Chapter 3 investigates the use of non-invasive light-flicker stimulation at different temporal frequencies as a means to unlock different forms of ODP in the adult mouse V1. Our results reveal that 60 Hz light-flicker stimulation reduces PNN levels and promotes a depression of deprived-eye responses following short-term MD, whereas 40 Hz stimulation – without altering PNN levels – enhances an adult form of ODP characterized by the strengthening of non-deprived eye responses following short-term MD. Furthermore, we show that in mice subjected to long-term MD initiated early in life, 40 Hz light-flicker treatment promotes recovery of visual function, as evidenced through physiological and behavioral assays. Finally, Chapter 4, outlines a series of future experiments designed to further elucidate the mechanisms by which light-flicker stimulation promotes enhanced ODP in adult V1. Together, the findings presented in this thesis introduce novel, minimally invasive (ketamine) and non-invasive (light-flicker) interventions that show promise as therapeutic strategies for ameliorating deficits arising from early life sensory deprivation. Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted Copyright retained by author(s) https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/ Non-invasive tuning of experience-dependent plasticity in the primary visual cortex Thesis application/pdf Doctoral Doctor of Philosophy Publication unknown unknown <Publication xmlns="https://www.openaire.eu/cerif-profile/1.1/" id="7448b5ae-200b-47e8-bd3f-428780db0fb3"> <Type xmlns="https://www.openaire.eu/cerif-profile/vocab/COAR_Publication_Types">http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_1843</Type> <Title>Non-invasive tuning of experience-dependent plasticity in the primary visual cortex</Title> <PublishedIn> <Publication> </Publication> </PublishedIn> <PublicationDate>2025-05</PublicationDate> <Authors> <Author> <DisplayName>Reilly-Andújar, Francis</DisplayName> <Affiliation> <OrgUnit> </OrgUnit> </Affiliation> </Author> </Authors> <Editors> </Editors> <Publishers> <Publisher> <DisplayName>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</DisplayName> <OrgUnit /> </Publisher> </Publishers> <License>https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/</License> <Abstract>The cerebral cortex exhibits a remarkable capacity for experience-dependent plasticity, a feature that is predominantly confined to critical periods (CPs) during early postnatal development. In the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) has served as a premier model for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation and stabilization of cortical circuits. During the CP, short-term monocular deprivation (MD) induces both functional and anatomical changes in binocular V1, characterized by a weakening of deprived-eye responsiveness via mechanisms of synaptic long-term depression. As the critical period closes, increased inhibitory drive and the emergence of perineuronal nets (PNNs) stabilize neural circuits and restrict further experience-dependent plasticity. In Chapter 1, I review the key literature on ODP and provide a survey of interventions that have been shown to enhance ODP in adulthood. In Chapter 2, I present our findings that repeated anesthetic ketamine treatment can reinstate ‘juvenile-like’ plasticity in the adult mouse V1. Importantly, I demonstrate that this effect relies on the microglia-mediated depletion of PNNs, and that interfering with microglial purinergic P2Y12 receptor activation blocks the ketamine-induced enhancement of ODP. Building on these insights, Chapter 3 investigates the use of non-invasive light-flicker stimulation at different temporal frequencies as a means to unlock different forms of ODP in the adult mouse V1. Our results reveal that 60 Hz light-flicker stimulation reduces PNN levels and promotes a depression of deprived-eye responses following short-term MD, whereas 40 Hz stimulation – without altering PNN levels – enhances an adult form of ODP characterized by the strengthening of non-deprived eye responses following short-term MD. Furthermore, we show that in mice subjected to long-term MD initiated early in life, 40 Hz light-flicker treatment promotes recovery of visual function, as evidenced through physiological and behavioral assays. Finally, Chapter 4, outlines a series of future experiments designed to further elucidate the mechanisms by which light-flicker stimulation promotes enhanced ODP in adult V1. Together, the findings presented in this thesis introduce novel, minimally invasive (ketamine) and non-invasive (light-flicker) interventions that show promise as therapeutic strategies for ameliorating deficits arising from early life sensory deprivation.</Abstract> <Access xmlns="http://purl.org/coar/access_right" > </Access> </Publication>