<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="static/style.xsl"?><OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd"><responseDate>2026-09-21T10:01:26Z</responseDate><request verb="GetRecord" identifier="oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/41811" metadataPrefix="dim">https://dspace.mit.edu/server/oai/request</request><GetRecord><record><header><identifier>oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/41811</identifier><datestamp>2026-06-11T16:07:49Z</datestamp><setSpec>com_1721.1_7582</setSpec><setSpec>com_1721.1_7581</setSpec><setSpec>col_1721.1_131023</setSpec></header><metadata><dim:dim xmlns:dim="http://www.dspace.org/xmlns/dspace/dim" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.dspace.org/xmlns/dspace/dim http://www.dspace.org/schema/dim.xsd">
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="advisor" lang="en_US">Harvey M. Sapolsky.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="author" lang="en_US">Faerber, Michael A. (Michael Andrew), 1980-</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="other" lang="en_US">Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Political Science.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="department">Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Political Science</dim:field>
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   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="accessioned">2008-11-10T20:01:45Z</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="available">2008-11-10T20:01:45Z</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="issued" lang="en_US">2003</dim:field>
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   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="identifier" qualifier="oclc" lang="en_US">54667212</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" lang="en_US">Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2003.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" lang="en_US">"September 2003."</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" lang="en_US">Includes bibliographical references.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="abstract" lang="en_US">Afghanistan has proved to be one of the most dangerous and unstable political environments in South Asia, if not the world. Against this backdrop, Islamic fundamentalist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar has waged a continuous guerilla war to gain control of the state. Towards this end, he has fought ambitious rivals, every Afghan government, the Soviet Union, and now US forces sent to drive out al Qaeda and destroy the Taliban. This thesis explores Hekmatyar's persistence in such a fluid and violent political landscape, tracing his islamist Hezb-e Islami party's genesis and evolution in the last 30 years. With a rigid Leninist-styled party, Hekmatyar's ability to draw from religious, ethno-regional, and socioeconomic support, as well as foreign aid, has provided him the means to survive and flourish during Afghanistan's enduring devastation</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="statementofresponsibility" lang="en_US">by Michael A. Faerber.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="degree" lang="en_US">S.M.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="format" qualifier="extent" lang="en_US">83 p.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="language" qualifier="iso" lang="en_US">eng</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="publisher" lang="en_US">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="rights" lang="en_US">M.I.T. theses are protected by &#xd;
copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but &#xd;
reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written &#xd;
permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="rights" qualifier="uri" lang="en_US">http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" lang="en_US">Political Science.</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" qualifier="lcsh" lang="en_US">Ḥikmatʹyār, Gulbiddīn, 1947-</dim:field>
   <dim:field mdschema="dc" element="title" lang="en_US">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar : Afghanistan's persistent insurgent</dim:field>
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   	&lt;Title>Gulbuddin Hekmatyar : Afghanistan&amp;apos;s persistent insurgent&lt;/Title>
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   	&lt;PublicationDate>2003&lt;/PublicationDate>
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    &lt;Keyword>Political Science.&lt;/Keyword>
   	&lt;Abstract>Afghanistan has proved to be one of the most dangerous and unstable political environments in South Asia, if not the world. Against this backdrop, Islamic fundamentalist Gulbuddin Hekmatyar has waged a continuous guerilla war to gain control of the state. Towards this end, he has fought ambitious rivals, every Afghan government, the Soviet Union, and now US forces sent to drive out al Qaeda and destroy the Taliban. This thesis explores Hekmatyar&amp;apos;s persistence in such a fluid and violent political landscape, tracing his islamist Hezb-e Islami party&amp;apos;s genesis and evolution in the last 30 years. With a rigid Leninist-styled party, Hekmatyar&amp;apos;s ability to draw from religious, ethno-regional, and socioeconomic support, as well as foreign aid, has provided him the means to survive and flourish during Afghanistan&amp;apos;s enduring devastation&lt;/Abstract>
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