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Bradford H. Hager and Peter Molnar. Conrad, Clinton Phillips, 1971- Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences 2010-03-25T14:52:34Z 2010-03-25T14:52:34Z 2000 2000 http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53042 45302629 Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, February 2000. Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-244). Convection in Earth's mantle is driven largely by horizontal density gradients that form when cold, dense, mantle lithosphere descends into the mantle interior, either through subduction for plate-scale flow, or as localized convective instability beneath lithospheric plates. The deformation associated with these processes is resisted by the extreme temperature-dependence of the lithosphere's strength. Ways in which lithosphere deformation affects convection in the mantle are examined here, by comparing both theory and the results of numerical experiments. Convective instability at the base of a cold thermal boundary layer with temperature and strain-rate-dependent viscosity is investigated by defining a quantity, termed here the "available buoyancy," that takes into account the tradeoff between cold temperatures both promoting and resisting convective instability. This quantity can be used to determine approximately whether, and how fast, convective instability grows. Horizontal shortening is also included, which tends to increase gravitational instability, allowing up to 60% of the mantle lithosphere to be convectively removed. The subsequent influx of hot, buoyant, asthenosphere could cause rapid surface uplift. For plate-scale flow, subduction zone deformation may resist convection. This possibility is studied here using a regional finite element model of subduction. This model shows that for sufficiently strong lithosphere, convection is resisted more by the bending deformation of a subducting plate than by shearing of the underlying mantle. Such behavior can be explained by a variation of boundary layer theory that includes an analytic expression for the energy required to bend a viscous plate. For the mantle, the bending resistance should control plate velocities if the effective lithosphere viscosity is greater than about 1023 Pa s. This produces a reasonable distribution of plate velocities for Earth and may reconcile models for its thermal evolution with surface heat flow observations. These results are verified using a new method for implementing subduction that parameterizes plate bending within a small region of a mantle-scale convection model. This model also shows that small-scale convection, by removing the basal part of the oceanic lithosphere, can decrease the bending resistance and thus may be an essential aspect of plate tectonics on Earth. by Clinton Phillips Conrad. Ph.D. 244 p. eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology M.I.T. theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582 Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. Effects of lithospheric strength on convection in the Earth's mantle Thesis application/pdf false Publication unknown unknown <Publication xmlns="https://www.openaire.eu/cerif-profile/1.1/" id="348df347-5e39-4c7e-a3b9-ad53767654a5"> <Type xmlns="https://www.openaire.eu/cerif-profile/vocab/COAR_Publication_Types">http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_1843</Type> <Language>eng</Language> <Title>Effects of lithospheric strength on convection in the Earth's mantle</Title> <PublishedIn> <Publication> </Publication> </PublishedIn> <PublicationDate>2000</PublicationDate> <Authors> <Author> <DisplayName>Conrad, Clinton Phillips, 1971-</DisplayName> <Affiliation> <OrgUnit> </OrgUnit> </Affiliation> </Author> </Authors> <Editors> </Editors> <Publishers> <Publisher> <DisplayName>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</DisplayName> <OrgUnit /> </Publisher> </Publishers> <License>http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582</License> <Keyword>Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.</Keyword> <Abstract>Convection in Earth's mantle is driven largely by horizontal density gradients that form when cold, dense, mantle lithosphere descends into the mantle interior, either through subduction for plate-scale flow, or as localized convective instability beneath lithospheric plates. The deformation associated with these processes is resisted by the extreme temperature-dependence of the lithosphere's strength. Ways in which lithosphere deformation affects convection in the mantle are examined here, by comparing both theory and the results of numerical experiments. Convective instability at the base of a cold thermal boundary layer with temperature and strain-rate-dependent viscosity is investigated by defining a quantity, termed here the "available buoyancy," that takes into account the tradeoff between cold temperatures both promoting and resisting convective instability. This quantity can be used to determine approximately whether, and how fast, convective instability grows. Horizontal shortening is also included, which tends to increase gravitational instability, allowing up to 60% of the mantle lithosphere to be convectively removed. The subsequent influx of hot, buoyant, asthenosphere could cause rapid surface uplift. For plate-scale flow, subduction zone deformation may resist convection. This possibility is studied here using a regional finite element model of subduction. This model shows that for sufficiently strong lithosphere, convection is resisted more by the bending deformation of a subducting plate than by shearing of the underlying mantle. Such behavior can be explained by a variation of boundary layer theory that includes an analytic expression for the energy required to bend a viscous plate. For the mantle, the bending resistance should control plate velocities if the effective lithosphere viscosity is greater than about 1023 Pa s. This produces a reasonable distribution of plate velocities for Earth and may reconcile models for its thermal evolution with surface heat flow observations. These results are verified using a new method for implementing subduction that parameterizes plate bending within a small region of a mantle-scale convection model. This model also shows that small-scale convection, by removing the basal part of the oceanic lithosphere, can decrease the bending resistance and thus may be an essential aspect of plate tectonics on Earth.</Abstract> <Access xmlns="http://purl.org/coar/access_right" > </Access> </Publication>