In situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Name
tc-18-75-2024.pdf
Description
Published version
Size
9.2 MB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum (MD5)
ed92c7f161bc38b4556712c790baa9ed
Date Issued
January 4, 2024
Journal
The Cryosphere
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Citation
Abbasi, R., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aggarwal, N., Aguilar, J., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., Alameddine, J.-M., Alves Junior, A. A., Amin, N. M. B., Andeen, K., Anderson, T., Anton, G., Argüelles, C., Ashida, Y., Athanasiadou, S., Axani, S., Bai, X., Balagopal V, A., Baricevic, M., Barwick, S., Basu, V., Bay, R., Beatty, J., Becker, K. H., Becker Tjus, J., Beise, J., Bellenghi, C., Benda, S., BenZvi, S., Berley, D., Bernardini, E., Besson, D., Binder, G., Bindig, D., Blaufuss, E., Blot, S., Bontempo, F., Book, J., Borowka, J., Boscolo Meneguolo, C., Böser, S., Botner, O., Böttcher, J., Bourbeau, E., Braun, J., Brinson, B., Brostean-Kaiser, J., Burley, R., Busse, R., Campana, M., Carnie-Bronca, E., Chen, C., Chen, Z., Chirkin, D., Choi, K., Clark, B., Classen, L., Coleman, A., Collin, G., Connolly, A., Conrad, J., Coppin, P., Correa, P., Countryman, S., Cowen, D., Cross, R., Dappen, C., Dave, P., De Clercq, C., DeLaunay, J., Delgado López, D., Dembinski, H., Deoskar, K., Desai, A., Desiati, P., de Vries, K., de Wasseige, G., DeYoung, T., Diaz, A., Díaz-Vélez, J. C., Dittmer, M., Dujmovic, H., DuVernois, M., Ehrhardt, T., Eller, P., Engel, R., Erpenbeck, H., Evans, J., Evenson, P., Fan, K. L., Fazely, A., Fedynitch, A., Feigl, N., Fiedlschuster, S., Fienberg, A., Finley, C., Fischer, L., Fox, D., Franckowiak, A., Friedman, E., Fritz, A., Fürst, P., Gaisser, T., Gallagher, J., Ganster, E., Garcia, A., Garrappa, S., Gerhardt, L., Ghadimi, A., Glaser, C., Glüsenkamp, T., Glauch, T., Goehlke, N., Gonzalez, J., Goswami, S., Grant, D., Gray, S., Grégoire, T., Griswold, S., Günther, C., Gutjahr, P., Haack, C., Hallgren, A., Halliday, R., Halve, L., Halzen, F., Hamdaoui, H., Ha Minh, M., Hanson, K., Hardin, J., Harnisch, A., Hatch, P., Haungs, A., Helbing, K., Hellrung, J., Henningsen, F., Heuermann, L., Hickford, S., Hill, C., Hill, G., Hoffman, K., Hoshina, K., Hou, W., Huber, T., Hultqvist, K., Hünnefeld, M., Hussain, R., Hymon, K., In, S., Iovine, N., Ishihara, A., Jansson, M., Japaridze, G., Jeong, M., Jin, M., Jones, B., Kang, D., Kang, W., Kang, X., Kappes, A., Kappesser, D., Kardum, L., Karg, T., Karl, M., Karle, A., Katz, U., Kauer, M., Kelley, J., Kheirandish, A., Kin, K., Kiryluk, J., Klein, S., Kochocki, A., Koirala, R., Kolanoski, H., Kontrimas, T., Köpke, L., Kopper, C., Koskinen, J., Koundal, P., Kovacevich, M., Kowalski, M., Kozynets, T., Krupczak, E., Kun, E., Kurahashi, N., Lad, N., Lagunas Gualda, C., Larson, M., Lauber, F., Lazar, J., Lee, J., Leonard, K., Leszczyńska, A., Lincetto, M., Liu, Q., Liubarska, M., Lohfink, E., Love, C., Lozano Mariscal, C. J., Lu, L., Lucarelli, F., Ludwig, A., Luszczak, W., Lyu, Y., Ma, W. Y., Madsen, J., Mahn, K., Makino, Y., Mancina, S., Marie Sainte, W., Mariş, I., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Marsee, M., Martinez-Soler, I., Maruyama, R., McElroy, T., McNally, F., Mead, J. V., Meagher, K., Mechbal, S., Medina, A., Meier, M., Meighen-Berger, S., Merckx, Y., Micallef, J., Mockler, D., Montaruli, T., Moore, R., Morse, B., Moulai, M., Mukherjee, T., Naab, R., Nagai, R., Naumann, U., Nayerhoda, A., Necker, J., Neumann, M., Niederhausen, H., Nisa, M., Nowicki, S., Obertacke Pollmann, A., Oehler, M., Oeyen, B., Olivas, A., Orsoe, R., Osborn, J., O'Sullivan, E., Pandya, H., Pankova, D., Park, N., Parker, G., Paudel, E. N., Paul, L., Pérez de los Heros, C., Peters, L., Peterson, J., Philippen, S., Pieper, S., Pizzuto, A., Plum, M., Popovych, Y., Porcelli, A., Prado Rodriguez, M., Pries, B., Procter-Murphy, R., Przybylski, G., Raab, C., Rack-Helleis, J., Rameez, M., Rawlins, K., Rechav, Z., Rehman, A., Reichherzer, P., Renzi, G., Resconi, E., Reusch, S., Rhode, W., Richman, M., Riedel, B., Roberts, E., Robertson, S., Rodan, S., Roellinghoff, G., Rongen, M., Rott, C., Ruhe, T., Ruohan, L., Ryckbosch, D., Rysewyk Cantu, D., Safa, I., Saffer, J., Salazar-Gallegos, D., Sampathkumar, P., Sanchez Herrera, S., Sandrock, A., Santander, M., Sarkar, S., Sarkar, S., Schaufel, M., Schieler, H., Schindler, S., Schlüter, B., Schmidt, T., Schneider, J., Schröder, F., Schumacher, L., Schwefer, G., Sclafani, S., Seckel, D., Seunarine, S., Sharma, A., Shefali, S., Shimizu, N., Silva, M., Skrzypek, B., Smithers, B., Snihur, R., Soedingrekso, J., Søgaard, A., Soldin, D., Spannfellner, C., Spiczak, G., Spiering, C., Stamatikos, M., Stanev, T., Stein, R., Stezelberger, T., Stürwald, T., Stuttard, T., Sullivan, G., Taboada, I., Ter-Antonyan, S., Thompson, W., Thwaites, J., Tilav, S., Tollefson, K., Tönnis, C., Toscano, S., Tosi, D., Trettin, A., Tung, C. F., Turcotte, R., Twagirayezu, J. P., Ty, B., Unland Elorrieta, M., Upshaw, K., Valtonen-Mattila, N., Vandenbroucke, J., van Eijndhoven, N., Vannerom, D., van Santen, J., Vara, J., Veitch-Michaelis, J., Verpoest, S., Veske, D., Walck, C., Wang, W., Watson, T. B., Weaver, C., Weigel, P., Weindl, A., Weldert, J., Wendt, C., Werthebach, J., Weyrauch, M., Whitehorn, N., Wiebusch, C., Willey, N., Williams, D., Wolf, M., Wrede, G., Wulff, J., Xu, X., Yanez, J. P., Yildizci, E., Yoshida, S., Yu, S., Yuan, T., Zhang, Z., and Zhelnin, P.: In situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, The Cryosphere, 18, 75–102.
Version
Final published version
Abstract
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory instruments about 1 km3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole. It uses 5160 photomultipliers to detect Cherenkov light emitted by charged relativistic particles. An unexpected light propagation effect observed by the experiment is an anisotropic attenuation, which is aligned with the local flow direction of the ice. We examine birefringent light propagation through the polycrystalline ice microstructure as a possible explanation for this effect. The predictions of a first-principles model developed for this purpose, in particular curved light trajectories resulting from asymmetric diffusion, provide a qualitatively good match to the main features of the data. This in turn allows us to deduce ice crystal properties. Since the wavelength of the detected light is short compared to the crystal size, these crystal properties include not only the crystal orientation fabric, but also the average crystal size and shape, as a function of depth. By adding small empirical corrections to this first-principles model, a quantitatively accurate description of the optical properties of the IceCube glacial ice is obtained. In this paper, we present the experimental signature of ice optical anisotropy observed in IceCube light-emitting diode (LED) calibration data, the theory and parameterization of the birefringence effect, the fitting procedures of these parameterizations to experimental data, and the inferred crystal properties.
MIT Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics
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DOI of Published Version
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-75-2024
