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Observational Evidence that Great Plains Irrigation Has Enhanced Summer Precipitation Intensity and Totals in the Midwestern United States

Author(s)
Fan, Ying; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Weaver, Christopher P.; Alter, Ross Evan
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Abstract
Significant increases in summer precipitation have occurred in the midwestern United States over the last century for reasons that remain unclear. It is postulated that the expansion of irrigation and cropland in the central United States over the past 60 yr has been a major contributor to these observed increases in precipitation. As a first step toward attribution of these precipitation changes, a detailed analysis of observed daily summer precipitation frequency and intensity is conducted for the contiguous United States over multiple spatial scales and time periods from 1895 to 2011. Robust increases in precipitation frequency, total precipitation, and moderate to heavy precipitation intensity are identified during July and August in the midwestern United States. Analysis of changes in mean monthly precipitation from the early to late twentieth century initially points to increasing frequency as the source of increasing monthly precipitation in the midwestern United States during the summer, especially during August; however, these large frequency increases are not unique to the summer. On the other hand, changes in precipitation intensity and total precipitation are both greatest during July and August and coincide spatially in the midwestern United States. Additionally, the greatest intensity change occurs downwind of the most heavily irrigated regions, especially for the period between 1950 and 1980 when irrigation rapidly intensified. Thus, the seasonality and location of these regional signatures of increasing precipitation intensity (and total precipitation) are found to be broadly consistent with spatiotemporal trends in irrigation and cropland in the central United States and may be indicative of a causal link.
Date issued
2015-08
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101392
Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Journal
Journal of Hydrometeorology
Publisher
American Meteorological Society
Citation
Alter, Ross E., Ying Fan, Benjamin R. Lintner, and Christopher P. Weaver. “Observational Evidence That Great Plains Irrigation Has Enhanced Summer Precipitation Intensity and Totals in the Midwestern United States.” Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 4 (August 2015): 1717–1735. © 2015 American Meteorological Society
Version: Final published version
ISSN
1525-755X
1525-7541

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