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dc.contributor.authorSolt, Ken
dc.contributor.authorVan Dort, Christa J.
dc.contributor.authorChemali, Jessica J.
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Norman E.
dc.contributor.authorKenny, Jonathan D.
dc.contributor.authorBrown, Emery N.
dc.date.accessioned2016-05-02T15:08:58Z
dc.date.available2016-05-02T15:08:58Z
dc.date.issued2014-08
dc.identifier.issn0003-3022
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/102349
dc.description.abstractBackground:: Methylphenidate or a D1 dopamine receptor agonist induces reanimation (active emergence) from general anesthesia. The authors tested whether electrical stimulation of dopaminergic nuclei also induces reanimation from general anesthesia. Methods:: In adult rats, a bipolar insulated stainless steel electrode was placed in the ventral tegmental area (VTA, n = 5) or substantia nigra (n = 5). After a minimum 7-day recovery period, the isoflurane dose sufficient to maintain loss of righting was established. Electrical stimulation was initiated and increased in intensity every 3 min to a maximum of 120 µA. If stimulation restored the righting reflex, an additional experiment was performed at least 3 days later during continuous propofol anesthesia. Histological analysis was conducted to identify the location of the electrode tip. In separate experiments, stimulation was performed in the prone position during general anesthesia with isoflurane or propofol, and the electroencephalogram was recorded. Results:: To maintain loss of righting, the dose of isoflurane was 0.9% ± 0.1 vol%, and the target plasma dose of propofol was 4.4 ± 1.1 µg/ml (mean ± SD). In all rats with VTA electrodes, electrical stimulation induced a graded arousal response including righting that increased with current intensity. VTA stimulation induced a shift in electroencephalogram peak power from δ (<4 Hz) to θ (4–8 Hz). In all rats with substantia nigra electrodes, stimulation did not elicit an arousal response or significant electroencephalogram changes. Conclusions:: Electrical stimulation of the VTA, but not the substantia nigra, induces reanimation during general anesthesia with isoflurane or propofol. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dopamine release by VTA neurons, but not substantia nigra neurons, induces reanimation from general anesthesia. Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area, but not of the substantia nigra, restored righting and activated the electroencephalogram during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Selective activation of the ventral tegmental area pathway resembled pharmacological activation of dopamine receptors in evoking arousal from anesthesia.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant TR01-GM104948)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP1-OD003646)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K08-GM094394)en_US
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherOvid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer) - Lippincott Williams & Wilkinsen_US
dc.relation.isversionofhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000117en_US
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alikeen_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/en_US
dc.sourcePMCen_US
dc.titleElectrical Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area Induces Reanimation from General Anesthesiaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.citationSolt, Ken, Christa J. Van Dort, Jessica J. Chemali, Norman E. Taylor, Jonathan D. Kenny, and Emery N. Brown. “Electrical Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area Induces Reanimation from General Anesthesia.” Anesthesiology 121, no. 2 (August 2014): 311–319.en_US
dc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciencesen_US
dc.contributor.mitauthorBrown, Emery N.en_US
dc.relation.journalAnesthesiologyen_US
dc.eprint.versionAuthor's final manuscripten_US
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticleen_US
eprint.statushttp://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerRevieweden_US
dspace.orderedauthorsSolt, Ken; Van Dort, Christa J.; Chemali, Jessica J.; Taylor, Norman E.; Kenny, Jonathan D.; Brown, Emery N.en_US
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-7819
mit.licenseOPEN_ACCESS_POLICYen_US


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