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dc.contributor.authorTian, Hanqin
dc.contributor.authorLu, Chaoqun
dc.contributor.authorCiais, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorMichalak, Anna M.
dc.contributor.authorCanadell, Josep G.
dc.contributor.authorSaikawa, Eri
dc.contributor.authorHuntzinger, Deborah N.
dc.contributor.authorGurney, Kevin R.
dc.contributor.authorSitch, Stephen
dc.contributor.authorZhang, Bowen
dc.contributor.authorYang, Jia
dc.contributor.authorBousquet, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorBruhwiler, Lori
dc.contributor.authorChen, Guangsheng
dc.contributor.authorDlugokencky, Edward
dc.contributor.authorFriedlingstein, Pierre
dc.contributor.authorMelillo, Jerry
dc.contributor.authorPan, Shufen
dc.contributor.authorPoulter, Benjamin
dc.contributor.authorSaunois, Marielle
dc.contributor.authorSchwalm, Christopher R.
dc.contributor.authorWofsy, Steven C.
dc.contributor.authorPrinn, Ronald G
dc.date.accessioned2016-11-08T19:01:44Z
dc.date.available2016-11-08T19:01:44Z
dc.date.issued2016-03
dc.date.submitted2015-01
dc.identifier.issn0028-0836
dc.identifier.issn1476-4687
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105264
dc.description.abstractThe terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO[subscript 2]), methane (CH[subscript 4]) and nitrous oxide (N[subscript 2]O), and therefore has an important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been studied extensively,but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain. Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions) approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between 1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001 to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO[subscript 2] equivalent per year) of 3.9 ± 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 ± 4.8 (bottom up) based on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant NNX08AL73G)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant NNX14AO73G)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant NNX10AU06G)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant NNX11AD47G)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Grant NNG04GM39C)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF grant AGS 1243232)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant AGS-1243220)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF grant CNH1210360)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Climate Program Office award NA13OAR4310059)en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAustralian Climate Change Science Programmeen_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF CAREER (AGS-0846358))en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipUnited States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program AGAGE, grant NNX11AF17G)en_US
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherSpringer Natureen_US
dc.relation.isversionofhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16946en_US
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alikeen_US
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/en_US
dc.sourceProf. Prinnen_US
dc.titleThe terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphereen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.citationTian, Hanqin, Chaoqun Lu, Philippe Ciais, Anna M. Michalak, Josep G. Canadell, Eri Saikawa, Deborah N. Huntzinger, et al. “The Terrestrial Biosphere as a Net Source of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere.” Nature 531, no. 7593 (March 9, 2016): 225–228.en_US
dc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Global Change Scienceen_US
dc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesen_US
dc.contributor.mitauthorPrinn, Ronald G
dc.relation.journalNatureen_US
dc.eprint.versionAuthor's final manuscripten_US
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticleen_US
eprint.statushttp://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerRevieweden_US
dspace.orderedauthorsTian, Hanqin; Lu, Chaoqun; Ciais, Philippe; Michalak, Anna M.; Canadell, Josep G.; Saikawa, Eri; Huntzinger, Deborah N.; Gurney, Kevin R.; Sitch, Stephen; Zhang, Bowen; Yang, Jia; Bousquet, Philippe; Bruhwiler, Lori; Chen, Guangsheng; Dlugokencky, Edward; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Melillo, Jerry; Pan, Shufen; Poulter, Benjamin; Prinn, Ronald; Saunois, Marielle; Schwalm, Christopher R.; Wofsy, Steven C.en_US
dspace.embargo.termsNen_US
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-3801
mit.licenseOPEN_ACCESS_POLICYen_US


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