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dc.contributor.authorHartmann, Susan
dc.contributor.authorWex, Heike
dc.contributor.authorClauss, Tina
dc.contributor.authorAugustin-Bauditz, Stefanie
dc.contributor.authorNiedermeier, Dennis
dc.contributor.authorStratmann, Frank
dc.contributor.authorRoesch, Michael
dc.date.accessioned2016-12-05T21:38:54Z
dc.date.available2016-12-05T21:38:54Z
dc.date.issued2015-12
dc.date.submitted2015-09
dc.identifier.issn0022-4928
dc.identifier.issn1520-0469
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105725
dc.description.abstractThis study presents an analysis showing that the freezing probability of kaolinite particles from Fluka scales exponentially with particle surface area for different atmospherically relevant particle sizes. Immersion freezing experiments were performed at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS). Size-selected kaolinite particles with mobility diameters of 300, 700, and 1000 nm were analyzed with one particle per droplet. First, it is demonstrated that immersion freezing is independent of the droplet volume. Using the mobility analyzer technique for size selection involves the presence of multiply charged particles in the quasi-monodisperse aerosol, which are larger than singly charged particles. The fractions of these were determined using cloud droplet activation measurements. The development of a multiple charge correction method has proven to be essential for deriving ice fractions and other quantities for measurements in which the here-applied method of size selection is used. When accounting for multiply charged particles (electric charge itself does not matter), both a time-independent and a time-dependent description of the freezing process can reproduce the measurements over the range of examined particle sizes. Hence, either a temperature-dependent surface site density or a single contact angle distribution was sufficient to parameterize the freezing behavior. From a comparison with earlier studies using kaolinite samples from the same provider, it is concluded that the neglect of multiply charged particles and, to a lesser extent, the effect of time can cause a significant overestimation of the ice nucleation site density of one order of magnitude, which translates into a temperature bias of 5–6 K.en_US
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherAmerican Meteorological Societyen_US
dc.relation.isversionofhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0057.1en_US
dc.rightsArticle is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use.en_US
dc.sourceAmerican Meteorological Societyen_US
dc.titleImmersion Freezing of Kaolinite: Scaling with Particle Surface Areaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.citationHartmann, Susan et al. “Immersion Freezing of Kaolinite: Scaling with Particle Surface Area.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73.1 (2016): 263–278. © 2016 American Meteorological Societyen_US
dc.contributor.departmentMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciencesen_US
dc.contributor.mitauthorRoesch, Michael
dc.relation.journalJournal of the Atmospheric Sciencesen_US
dc.eprint.versionFinal published versionen_US
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticleen_US
eprint.statushttp://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerRevieweden_US
dspace.orderedauthorsHartmann, Susan; Wex, Heike; Clauss, Tina; Augustin-Bauditz, Stefanie; Niedermeier, Dennis; Rösch, Michael; Stratmann, Franken_US
dspace.embargo.termsNen_US
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-5722
mit.licensePUBLISHER_POLICYen_US


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