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Environmental cystine drives glutamine anaplerosis and sensitizes cancer cells to glutaminase inhibition

Author(s)
Lewis, Caroline A; Muir, Alexander; Danai, Laura V; Gui, Dan Yi; Waingarten, Chiara Y.; Vander Heiden, Matthew G.; ... Show more Show less
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Abstract
Many mammalian cancer cell lines depend on glutamine as a major tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerotic substrate to support proliferation. However, some cell lines that depend on glutamine anaplerosis in culture rely less on glutamine catabolism to proliferate in vivo. We sought to understand the environmental differences that cause differential dependence on glutamine for anaplerosis. We find that cells cultured in adult bovine serum, which better reflects nutrients available to cells in vivo, exhibit decreased glutamine catabolism and reduced reliance on glutamine anaplerosis compared to cells cultured in standard tissue culture conditions. We find that levels of a single nutrient, cystine, accounts for the differential dependence on glutamine in these different environmental contexts. Further, we show that cystine levels dictate glutamine dependence via the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT/SLC7A11. Thus, xCT/SLC7A11 expression, in conjunction with environmental cystine, is necessary and sufficient to increase glutamine catabolism, defining important determinants of glutamine anaplerosis and glutaminase dependence in cancer.
Date issued
2017-08
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113571
Department
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT
Journal
eLife
Publisher
eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Citation
Muir, Alexander et al. “Environmental Cystine Drives Glutamine Anaplerosis and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Glutaminase Inhibition.” eLife 2017, 6 (August 2017): e27713 © Muir et al
Version: Final published version
ISSN
2050-084X

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