Role of Shear Layer Instability in Driving Pressure Oscillations in a Backward Facing Step Combustor

Abstract

This paper presents a global hydrodynamic stability analysis of flow fields in a backward facing step combustor, assuming weakly non-parallel flow. The baseline experiments in a 'long' combustor of length of 5.0 m shows the presence of two combustion instability states characterized by coherent low and high amplitude acoustic pressure oscillations. The analysis is performed for Propane-air mixtures at three values of φ = 0.63, 0.72 and 0.85 which correspond to quiet, low amplitude and high amplitude instability states in the long combustor experiments. Base flow velocity and density fields for the hydrodynamic stability analysis are determined from time averaged PIV measurements made after the length of the duct downstream of the step has been shortened to eliminate acoustic pressure oscillations. The analysis shows that the shear layer mode is self-excited for the φ = 0.72 case with an oscillation frequency close to that of the long combustor's fundamental acoustic mode. We show from an analysis of the weakly forced, variable density Navier-Stokes equations that self-excited hydrodynamic modes can be weakly receptive to forcing - suggesting that the low amplitude instability in the long combustor is due to semi-open loop forcing of heat release oscillations by the shear layer mode. At φ = 0.85 the flow is hydrodynamically globally stable but locally convectively unstable. Spatial amplification of velocity disturbances by the convectively unstable flow causes high amplitude combustion instability in the long combustor case. These results show that combustion instability can be sustained by acoustic and hydrodynamic modes being either strongly coupled, resulting in fully closed loop forcing, or weakly coupled, resulting in semi-open loop forcing of the flame by a self-excited hydrodynamic mode.