Biphilic Organophosphorus-Catalyzed Intramolecular C[subscript sp2]–H Amination: Evidence for a Nitrenoid in Catalytic Cadogan Cyclizations
Author(s)
Nykaza, Trevor Vincent; Ramirez, Antonio; Harrison, Tyler S.; Luzung, Michael R.; Radosevich, Alexander T.
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A small-ring phosphacycloalkane (1,2,2,3,4,4-hexamethylphosphetane, 3) catalyzes intramolecular C-N bond forming heterocyclization of o-nitrobiaryl and -styrenyl derivatives in the presence of a hydrosilane terminal reductant. The method provides scalable access to diverse carbazole and indole compounds under operationally trivial homogeneous organocatalytic conditions, as demonstrated by 17 examples conducted on 1 g scale. In situ NMR reaction monitoring studies support a mechanism involving catalytic P[superscript III]/P[superscript V] = O cycling, where tricoordinate phosphorus compound 3 represents the catalytic resting state. For the catalytic conversion of o-nitrobiphenyl to carbazole, the kinetic reaction order was determined for phosphetane catalyst 3 (first order), substrate (first order), and phenylsilane (zeroth order). For differentially 5-substituted 2-nitrobiphenyls, the transformation is accelerated by electron-withdrawing substituents (Hammett factor Ï = +1.5), consistent with the accrual of negative charge on the nitro substrate in the rate-determining step. DFT modeling of the turnover-limiting deoxygenation event implicates a rate-determining (3 + 1) cheletropic addition between the phosphetane catalyst 3 and 2-nitrobiphenyl substrate to form an unobserved pentacoordinate spiro-bicyclic dioxazaphosphetane, which decomposes via (2 + 2) cycloreversion giving 1 equiv of phosphetane P-oxide 3·[O] and 2-nitrosobiphenyl. Experimental and computational investigations into the C-N bond forming event suggest the involvement of an oxazaphosphirane (2 + 1) adduct between 3 and 2-nitrosobiphenyl, which evolves through loss of phosphetane P-oxide 3·[O] to give the observed carbazole product via C-H insertion in a nitrene-like fashion.
Date issued
2018-02Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of ChemistryJournal
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Citation
Nykaza, Trevor et al. "Biphilic Organophosphorus-Catalyzed Intramolecular C[subscript sp2]–H Amination: Evidence for a Nitrenoid in Catalytic Cadogan Cyclizations." Journal of the American Chemical Society 140, 8 (February 2018): 3103-3113 © 2018 American Chemical Society
Version: Author's final manuscript
ISSN
0002-7863
1520-5126