Regulation of Cdh1-APC Function in Axon Growth by Cdh1 Phosphorylation

Abstract

The ubiquitin ligase Cdh1–anaphase promoting complex (Cdh1–APC) plays a key role in the control of axonal morphogenesis in the mammalian brain, but the mechanisms that regulate neuronal Cdh1–APC function remain incompletely understood. Here, we have characterized the effect of phosphorylation of Cdh1 at cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) sites on Cdh1–APC function in neurons. We replaced nine conserved sites of Cdk-induced Cdh1 phosphorylation with alanine (9A) or aspartate (9D) to mimic hypo- or hyper-phosphorylation, respectively. We found that the 9A mutation triggered the proteasome-dependent degradation of Cdh1, and conversely the 9D mutation stabilized Cdh1 in neuronal cells. However, the phosphomimic 9D Cdh1 protein failed to associate with the APC core protein Cdc27. In addition, whereas wild-type and 9A Cdh1 predominantly localized to the nucleus, the 9D Cdh1 protein accumulated in the cytoplasm in neurons. Importantly, in contrast to wild-type and 9A Cdh1, the 9D Cdh1 mutant failed to inhibit axon growth in primary cerebellar granule neurons. Collectively, our results suggest that phosphorylation of neuronal Cdh1 at Cdk sites triggers the stabilization of an inactive form of Cdh1 that accumulates in the cytoplasm, leading to the inhibition of Cdh1–APC function in the control of axon growth. Thus, phosphorylation of Cdh1 may represent a critical mechanism regulating Cdh1–APC function in the nervous system.