Genetic and molecular analyses reveal an evolutionary trajectory for glycan synthesis in a bacterial protein glycosylation system

Abstract

Although protein glycosylation systems are becoming widely recognized in bacteria, little is known about the mechanisms and evolutionary forces shaping glycan composition. Species within the genus Neisseria display remarkable glycoform variability associated with their O-linked protein glycosylation (pgl) systems and provide a well developed model system to study these phenomena. By examining the potential influence of two ORFs linked to the core pgl gene locus, we discovered that one of these, previously designated as pglH, encodes a glucosyltransferase that generates unique disaccharide products by using polyprenyl diphosphate-linked monosaccharide substrates. By defining the function of PglH in the glycosylation pathway, we identified a metabolic conflict related to competition for a shared substrate between the opposing glycosyltransferases PglA and PglH. Accordingly, we propose that the presence of a stereotypic, conserved deletion mutation inactivating pglH in strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and related commensals, reflects a resolution of this conflict with the consequence of reduced glycan diversity. This model of genetic détente is supported by the characterization of pglH "missense" alleles encoding proteins devoid of activity or reduced in activity such that they cannot exert their effect in the presence of PglA. Thus, glucose-containing glycans appear to be a trait undergoing regression at the genus level. Together, these findings document a role for intrinsic genetic interactions in shaping glycan evolution in protein glycosylation systems.