Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements

Abstract

We report the first successful study of the use of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative, noninvasive (“transcutaneous”) measurement of blood analytes, using glucose as an example. As an initial evaluation of the ability of Raman spectroscopy to measure glucose transcutaneously, we studied 17 healthy human subjects whose blood glucose levels were elevated over a period of 2–3 h using a standard glucose tolerance test protocol. During the test, 461 Raman spectra were collected transcutaneously along with glucose reference values provided by standard capillary blood analysis. A partial least squares calibration was created from the data from each subject and validated using leave-one-out cross validation. The mean absolute errors for each subject were 7.8%±1.8% (mean±std) with R[superscript 2] values of 0.83±0.10. We provide spectral evidence that the glucose spectrum is an important part of the calibrations by analysis of the calibration regression vectors.