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Quantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles
dc.contributor.author | Chakraborty, Subhendu | |
dc.contributor.author | Andersen, Ken H | |
dc.contributor.author | Visser, André W | |
dc.contributor.author | Inomura, Keisuke | |
dc.contributor.author | Follows, Michael J | |
dc.contributor.author | Riemann, Lasse | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-10-27T20:24:04Z | |
dc.date.available | 2021-10-27T20:24:04Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2021-12 | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135568 | |
dc.description.abstract | <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Nitrogen (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>) fixation by heterotrophic bacteria associated with sinking particles contributes to marine N cycling, but a mechanistic understanding of its regulation and significance are not available. Here we develop a mathematical model for unicellular heterotrophic bacteria growing on sinking marine particles. These bacteria can fix <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> under suitable environmental conditions. We find that the interactive effects of polysaccharide and polypeptide concentrations, sinking speed of particles, and surrounding <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{O}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>NO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> concentrations determine the <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rate inside particles. <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation inside sinking particles is mainly fueled by <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{SO}}}_{4}}^{2-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration rather than <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>NO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration. Our model suggests that anaerobic processes, including heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation, can take place in anoxic microenvironments inside sinking particles even in fully oxygenated marine waters. The modelled <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rates are similar to bulk rates measured in the aphotic ocean, and our study consequently suggests that particle-associated heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation contributes significantly to oceanic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation.</jats:p> | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC | |
dc.relation.isversionof | 10.1038/s41467-021-23875-6 | |
dc.rights | Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license | |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
dc.source | Nature | |
dc.title | Quantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles | |
dc.type | Article | |
dc.relation.journal | Nature Communications | |
dc.eprint.version | Final published version | |
dc.type.uri | http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle | |
eprint.status | http://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerReviewed | |
dc.date.updated | 2021-09-16T16:15:55Z | |
dspace.orderedauthors | Chakraborty, S; Andersen, KH; Visser, AW; Inomura, K; Follows, MJ; Riemann, L | |
dspace.date.submission | 2021-09-16T16:15:56Z | |
mit.journal.volume | 12 | |
mit.journal.issue | 1 | |
mit.license | PUBLISHER_CC | |
mit.metadata.status | Authority Work and Publication Information Needed |