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dc.contributor.authorChakraborty, Subhendu
dc.contributor.authorAndersen, Ken H
dc.contributor.authorVisser, André W
dc.contributor.authorInomura, Keisuke
dc.contributor.authorFollows, Michael J
dc.contributor.authorRiemann, Lasse
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-27T20:24:04Z
dc.date.available2021-10-27T20:24:04Z
dc.date.issued2021-12
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/135568
dc.description.abstract<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Nitrogen (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>) fixation by heterotrophic bacteria associated with sinking particles contributes to marine N cycling, but a mechanistic understanding of its regulation and significance are not available. Here we develop a mathematical model for unicellular heterotrophic bacteria growing on sinking marine particles. These bacteria can fix <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> under suitable environmental conditions. We find that the interactive effects of polysaccharide and polypeptide concentrations, sinking speed of particles, and surrounding <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{O}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>NO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> concentrations determine the <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rate inside particles. <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation inside sinking particles is mainly fueled by <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{SO}}}_{4}}^{2-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>SO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration rather than <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>NO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration. Our model suggests that anaerobic processes, including heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation, can take place in anoxic microenvironments inside sinking particles even in fully oxygenated marine waters. The modelled <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rates are similar to bulk rates measured in the aphotic ocean, and our study consequently suggests that particle-associated heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation contributes significantly to oceanic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation.</jats:p>
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media LLC
dc.relation.isversionof10.1038/s41467-021-23875-6
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceNature
dc.titleQuantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles
dc.typeArticle
dc.relation.journalNature Communications
dc.eprint.versionFinal published version
dc.type.urihttp://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle
eprint.statushttp://purl.org/eprint/status/PeerReviewed
dc.date.updated2021-09-16T16:15:55Z
dspace.orderedauthorsChakraborty, S; Andersen, KH; Visser, AW; Inomura, K; Follows, MJ; Riemann, L
dspace.date.submission2021-09-16T16:15:56Z
mit.journal.volume12
mit.journal.issue1
mit.licensePUBLISHER_CC
mit.metadata.statusAuthority Work and Publication Information Needed


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