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Quantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles
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Chakraborty, Subhendu; Andersen, Ken H; Visser, André W; Inomura, Keisuke; Follows, Michael J; Riemann, Lasse; ... Show more Show less
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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Nitrogen (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>) fixation by heterotrophic bacteria associated with sinking particles contributes to marine N cycling, but a mechanistic understanding of its regulation and significance are not available. Here we develop a mathematical model for unicellular heterotrophic bacteria growing on sinking marine particles. These bacteria can fix <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> under suitable environmental conditions. We find that the interactive effects of polysaccharide and polypeptide concentrations, sinking speed of particles, and surrounding <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{O}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>O</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msup>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>NO</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msup>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> concentrations determine the <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rate inside particles. <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation inside sinking particles is mainly fueled by <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{SO}}}_{4}}^{2-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msup>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>SO</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msup>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration rather than <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{{\rm{NO}}}_{3}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msup>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>NO</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mo>−</mml:mo>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msup>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> respiration. Our model suggests that anaerobic processes, including heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation, can take place in anoxic microenvironments inside sinking particles even in fully oxygenated marine waters. The modelled <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation rates are similar to bulk rates measured in the aphotic ocean, and our study consequently suggests that particle-associated heterotrophic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation contributes significantly to oceanic <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$${{\rm{N}}}_{2}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mml:msub>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
</mml:mrow>
<mml:mrow>
<mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
</mml:mrow>
</mml:msub>
</mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> fixation.</jats:p>
Date issued
2021-12Journal
Nature Communications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC