Lecture 2

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Foundations of Molecular Evolution and Population Genetics

Review of the Central Dogma
- Coding Sequences and Gene Expression
  - Gene (FASTA)
  - Protein (FASTA)
  - Genome (FASTA)
- Genetic Code
Mutations, DNA Variation
- Synonymous
- Non-synonymous
Foundations of Genetics
- One Locus
  - Genotype
  - Haploids vs. Diploids
  - Homo/heterozygosis, Allele Frequency
  - Dominant vs. Recessive: Blood Types
- Random Mating: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Non-random Mating
Genetic Drift
- Dynamics in Population of Constants Size
- N=1
- Reduction of Heterozygosity
- N>>1, Binomial Sampling
- Probability of Fixation: Simulations1 simulations2
- Time to Fixation
Selection
- Absolute and Relative Fitness
- Writes Equations: Increase of Fitness
Selection and Drift
- Simulations
- Probability of Fixation: (Diploids, s, N, h=1/2)
- Time to Fixation
Summary